How can I know what bean, spring... means?

Well, I was a student and just find a job to do programming, the project that I deal with most related to web application. As a student before I work I used to programe with C/C++, and mostly do some coding exercises in some web like leetcode and etc, the problem just like

Given a string S and a string T, find the minimum window in S which will contain all the characters in T in complexity O(n).

But what I deal with now are some such as web.xml, applicationContext.xml and lots of beans and others. I can not understand what the struct of the project and the code write do not like normal java.....

So, the question is: how can I become a programmer on that, what book should I read, and what tutorial should I take?